Python—requests模塊詳解

1、模塊說明

requests是使用Apache2 licensed 許可證的HTTP庫。

用python編寫。

比urllib2模塊更簡潔。

Request支持HTTP連接保持和連接池，支持使用cookie保持會話，支持文件上傳，支持自動響應內容的編碼，支持國際化的URL和POST數據自動編碼。

在python內置模塊的基礎上進行了高度的封裝，從而使得python進行網絡請求時，變得人性化，使用Requests可以輕而易舉的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操作。

現代，國際化，友好。

requests會自動實現持久連接keep-alive

2、基礎入門

1）導入模塊

import requests

2）發送請求的簡潔

　　示例代碼：獲取一個網頁（個人github）

import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不帶參數的get請求
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 帶參數的get請求

我們就可以使用該方式使用以下各種方法

requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’)                                # GET請求
requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”)                                        # POST請求
requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”)                                          # PUT請求
requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”)                                    # DELETE請求
requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”)                                         # HEAD請求
requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” )                                     # OPTIONS請求

3）為url傳遞參數

>>> url_params = {'key':'value'}       #    字典傳遞參數，如果值為None的鍵不會被添加到url中
>>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params)
>>> print(r.url)
　　your url?key=value

4）響應的內容

r.encoding                       #獲取當前的編碼
r.encoding = 'utf-8'             #設置編碼
r.text                           #以encoding解析返回內容。字符串方式的響應體，會自動根據響應頭部的字符編碼進行解碼。
r.content                        #以字節形式（二進制）返回。字節方式的響應體，會自動為你解碼 gzip 和 deflate 壓縮。
r.headers                        #以字典對象存儲服務器響應頭，但是這個字典比較特殊，字典鍵不區分大小寫，若鍵不存在則返回None
r.status_code                     #響應狀態碼
r.raw                             #返回原始響應體，也就是 urllib 的 response 對象，使用 r.raw.read()   
r.ok                              # 查看r.ok的布爾值便可以知道是否登陸成功
 #*特殊方法*#
r.json()                         #Requests中內置的JSON解碼器，以json形式返回,前提返回的內容確保是json格式的，不然解析出錯會拋異常
r.raise_for_status()             #失敗請求(非200響應)拋出異常

post發送json請求：

import requests
import json
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'}))
print(r.json())

5）定制頭和cookie信息

header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'}
 r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie) 
data = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json',
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
 
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text)

6）響應狀態碼

使用requests方法后，會返回一個response對象，其存儲了服務器響應的內容，如上實例中已經提到的 r.text、r.status_code……

獲取文本方式的響應體實例：當你訪問 r.text 之時，會使用其響應的文本編碼進行解碼，并且你可以修改其編碼讓 r.text 使用自定義的編碼進行解碼。

r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org')
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
r.encoding = 'GBK'
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)

示例代碼：

import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不帶參數的get請求
print(r.status_code)                               # 獲取返回狀態
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 帶參數的get請求
print(r1.url)
print(r1.text)        # 打印解碼后的返回數據

運行結果：

/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py
200
http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python
…………
Process finished with exit code 0
 r.status_code                      #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 拋出異常

7）響應

r.headers                                  #返回字典類型,頭信息
r.requests.headers                         #返回發送到服務器的頭信息
r.cookies                                  #返回cookie
r.history                                  #返回重定向信息,當然可以在請求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向

8）超時

r = requests.get('url',timeout=1)           #設置秒數超時，僅對于連接有效

9)會話對象，能夠跨請求保持某些參數

s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('auth','passwd')
s.headers = {'key':'value'}
r = s.get('url')
r1 = s.get('url1')

10）代理

proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)

匯總：

# HTTP請求類型
# get類型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post類型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put類型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete類型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head類型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options類型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")
# 獲取響應內容
print(r.content) #以字節的方式去顯示，中文顯示為字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去顯示
#URL傳遞參數
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) 
print（r.url） #示例為http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港
#獲取/修改網頁編碼
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）
#json處理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json    
# 定制請求頭
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)
#復雜post請求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果傳遞的payload是string而不是dict，需要先調用dumps方法格式化一下
# post多部分編碼文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
# 響應狀態碼
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
    
# 響應頭
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #訪問響應頭部分內容的兩種方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #讀取cookies
    
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #發送cookies
#設置超時時間
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)
#設置訪問代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
           "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
          }
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)
#如果代理需要用戶名和密碼，則需要這樣：
proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}
復制代碼
復制代碼
# HTTP請求類型
# get類型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post類型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put類型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete類型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head類型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options類型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")
# 獲取響應內容
print(r.content) #以字節的方式去顯示，中文顯示為字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去顯示
#URL傳遞參數
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) 
print（r.url） #示例為http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港
#獲取/修改網頁編碼
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）
#json處理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json    
# 定制請求頭
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)
#復雜post請求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果傳遞的payload是string而不是dict，需要先調用dumps方法格式化一下
# post多部分編碼文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
# 響應狀態碼
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
    
# 響應頭
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #訪問響應頭部分內容的兩種方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #讀取cookies
    
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #發送cookies
#設置超時時間
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)
#設置訪問代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
           "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
          }
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)
#如果代理需要用戶名和密碼，則需要這樣：
proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}

3、示例代碼

GET請求

# 1、無參數實例
   
 import requests
   
 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
   
 print(ret.url)
 print(ret.text)
   
# 2、有參數實例   
import requests   
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
   
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)

POST請求

# 1、基本POST實例
  
import requests
  
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
print(ret.text)
  
  
# 2、發送請求頭和數據實例
  
import requests
import json
  
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
  
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
  
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

請求參數

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response
    Usage::
      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

 參數示例代碼

def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass
def param_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字節（ascii編碼以內）
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水電費&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    # 錯誤
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水電費&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass
def param_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字節
    # 可以是文件對象
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件內容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass
def param_json():
    # 將json中對應的數據進行序列化成一個字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 然后發送到服務器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})
def param_headers():
    # 發送請求頭到服務器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'},
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )
def param_cookies():
    # 發送Cookie到服務器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基礎上封裝）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie
    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies=obj)
def param_files():
    # 發送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)
    # 發送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)
    # 發送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)
    # 發送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file_dict)
    pass
def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)
    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)
    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #
def param_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass
def param_allow_redirects():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)
def param_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }
    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)
    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)
    pass
def param_stream():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()
    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此處理響應。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)
def requests_session():
    import requests
    session = requests.Session()
    ### 1、首先登陸任何頁面，獲取cookie
    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
    ### 2、用戶登陸，攜帶上一次的cookie，后臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進行授權
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )
    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)

json請求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json
class url_request():
    def __init__(self):
        ''' init '''
if __name__ == '__main__':
    heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    payload = {'CountryName': '中國',
               'ProvinceName': '四川省',
               'L1CityName': 'chengdu',
               'L2CityName': 'yibing',
               'TownName': '',
               'Longitude': '107.33393',
               'Latitude': '33.157131',
               'Language': 'CN'}
    r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
    data = r.json()
    if r.status_code!=200:
        print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code))
    print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID'])  # 打印返回json中的某個key的value
    print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack'])
    print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False))  # 樹形打印json，ensure_ascii必須設為False否則中文會顯示為unicode

Xml請求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
class url_request():
    def __init__(self):
        """init"""
if __name__ == '__main__':
    heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
    XML = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>'
    url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
    r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
    data = r.text
    print(data)

狀態異常處理

import requests
URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php'  # 淘寶IP地址庫API
try:
    r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
    r.raise_for_status()  # 如果響應狀態碼不是 200，就主動拋出異常
except requests.RequestException as e:
    print(e)
else:
    result = r.json()
    print(type(result), result, sep='\n')

上傳文件

使用request模塊，也可以上傳文件，文件的類型會自動進行處理：

import requests
 
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))}     #顯式的設置文件名
 
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)

request更加方便的是，可以把字符串當作文件進行上傳：

import requests
 
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')}     #必需顯式的設置文件名
 
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)

6) 身份驗證

基本身份認證(HTTP Basic Auth)

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
 
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))
# r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd'))    # 簡寫
print(r.json())

另一種非常流行的HTTP身份認證形式是摘要式身份認證，Requests對它的支持也是開箱即可用的:

requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')

Cookies與會話對象

如果某個響應中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速訪問它們：

import requests
 
r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))

要想發送你的cookies到服務器，可以使用 cookies 參數：

import requests
 
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中規定空格、方括號、圓括號、等于號、逗號、雙引號、斜杠、問號、@，冒號，分號等特殊符號都不能作為Cookie的內容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())

會話對象讓你能夠跨請求保持某些參數，最方便的是在同一個Session實例發出的所有請求之間保持cookies，且這些都是自動處理的，甚是方便。

下面就來一個真正的實例，如下是快盤簽到腳本：

import requests
 
headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
           'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress',
           'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
           'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
           'Connection': 'keep-alive',
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
 
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)
# s.auth = ('superuser', '123')
s.get('https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm')
 
_URL = 'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php'
s.post(_URL, params={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'},
       data={'username':'****@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'********', 'isajax':'yes'})
r = s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'})
print(r.json())
s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})

requests模塊抓取網頁源碼并保存到文件示例

這是一個基本的文件保存操作，但這里有幾個值得注意的問題：

1.安裝requests包，命令行輸入pip install requests即可自動安裝。很多人推薦使用requests，自帶的urllib.request也可以抓取網頁源碼

2.open方法encoding參數設為utf-8，否則保存的文件會出現亂碼。

3.如果直接在cmd中輸出抓取的內容，會提示各種編碼錯誤，所以保存到文件查看。

4.with open方法是更好的寫法，可以自動操作完畢后釋放資源

#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests
'''requests模塊抓取網頁源碼并保存到文件示例'''
html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(html.text)
    
'''讀取一個txt文件，每次讀取一行，并保存到另一個txt文件中的示例'''
ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
    for line in f:
        ff.write(line)
        ff.close()

因為在命令行中打印每次讀取一行的數據，中文會出現編碼錯誤，所以每次讀取一行并保存到另一個文件，這樣來測試讀取是否正常。（注意open的時候制定encoding編碼方式）

自動登陸"示例：

抽屜新熱榜:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陸任何頁面，獲取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# ## 2、用戶登陸，攜帶上一次的cookie，后臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進行授權
i2 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    },
    cookies=i1_cookies
)
# ## 3、點贊（只需要攜帶已經被授權的gpsd即可）
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
    cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)
"""
# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    }
)
i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)
"""

github

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
# ############## 方式一 ##############
#
# # 1. 訪問登陸頁面，獲取 authenticity_token
# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 攜帶authenticity_token和用戶名密碼等信息，發送用戶驗證
# form_data = {
# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "項目:%s(%s); 項目路徑:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)
# ############## 方式二 ##############
# session = requests.Session()
# # 1. 訪問登陸頁面，獲取 authenticity_token
# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 攜帶authenticity_token和用戶名密碼等信息，發送用戶驗證
# form_data = {
#     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "項目:%s(%s); 項目路徑:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)

知乎

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)
soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')
current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
    params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    })
with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(i2.content)
captcha = input('請打開zhihu.gif文件，查看并輸入驗證碼：')
form_data = {
    "_xsrf": xsrf,
    'password': 'xxooxxoo',
    "captcha": 'captcha',
    'email': '424662508@qq.com'
}
i3 = session.post(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
    data=form_data,
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)
i4 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)
soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
print(nick_name)

博客園

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
import json
import base64
import rsa
import requests
def js_encrypt(text):
    b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
    der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
    pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
    v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
    value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
    value = value.decode('utf8')
    return value
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)
form_data = {
    'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
    'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
    'remember': False
}
i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
                  data=json.dumps(form_data),
                  headers={
                      'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                      'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                      'VerificationToken': verification_token}
                  )
i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
print(i3.text)

拉勾網

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# 第一步：訪問登陸頁,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code
# 1、請求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
# 2、請求方法:GET
# 3、請求頭:
#    User-agent
r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
                 headers={
                     'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
                 },
                 )
X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)
# print(r1.cookies.get_dict())
# 第二步：登陸
# 1、請求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json
# 2、請求方法:POST
# 3、請求頭:
#    cookie
#    User-agent
#    Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
#    X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984
#    X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78
#    X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest
# 4、請求體：
# isValidate:true
# username:15131252215
# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d
# request_form_verifyCode:''
# submit:''
r2 = requests.post(
    'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
        'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
        'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code,
        'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token,
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
    },
    data={
        "isValidate": True,
        'username': '15131255089',
        'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d',
        'request_form_verifyCode': '',
        'submit': ''
    },
    cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()
)
print(r2.text)